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Introduction

Post structuralism has numerous definitions. However, for purposes of this essay, we can define it as the application of cultural theory in post-modern contexts. In other words, there can be no relation between meaning and words prior to events. Post structuralists assert that meaning in society are brought on by the existence of events or discourses. Feminism within post structuralism refers to the way society is addressed with regard to race, gender and race. Additionally, feminisms also brings about the elements of transformation within the latter social relations. Feminist activists are constantly looking for way of articulating power inequalities in society especially for those who have been undermined in the past. (Lather, 1991)

How concepts within post structuralism feminism analyses can be applied to education

Post structuralism comes in different forms, consequently, the manner in which the different forms are practiced also varies. However, these forms have three major concepts in common and they include; meaning, subjectivity and language. Besides the latter three elements, post structuralism forms are also related in the manner in which they attempt to deconstruct. There is always an examination into the way society perceives certain realities and then a disruption of these perceptions. In other words, there is always a tendency to disrupt these socially constructed systems. Different forms of post structuralism have challenged social constructs and they have an attribute of controversy about them. One of the forms of post structuralism is feminism post structuralism. This form can be analysed through the following three concepts and then applied in education

Language

Through language, feminism post structuralism analyses can be applied in education. This is because one can be able to under social power, social meaning, social organisation and individual consciousness. Language is therefore a site for constructing social meaning. Language is a medium that facilitates the way individuals can live through the way it gives meaning to individual’s social discourses. Language gives meaning to the world and also allows individuals certain forms of subjectivity. In the field of education; especially higher education, one can understand how women use language as method of showing their discontent with society.

Subjectivity

Subjectivity may be regarded as a site for conflict and disunity as perceived by feminism post structuralists. Humanist subjects differ and are unique in their own identities. Consequently, the notion that human subjects are static, stable or rational is in strong opposition to this feminism post structuralist idea. Adherents to the feminism post structuralism theory assert that human beings are not socialised by society but instead create their own subjectification. This means that when one examines another’s subjectivity, they are in fact in the process of understanding how their counterparts are constituted. (Lather, 1991)

The process of constructing subjectivity creates tensions and instabilities which then becomes visible through the practices and discourses one undergoes. Since these discourses and practices are always quite different, then they create contradictions within ourselves that are synonymous with one’s subjectivity. The process of placing meanings to experiences varies from individuals to individuals, and also from society to society. Therefore, feminism post structuralism does not try to place subjectivity in fixed definition, but it refers to it as a fluid and continuous process of forming meaning to discourses.

When the latter explanation is applied to women’s positions in higher education, one can assert that there exists different reasons that explain why women take up the positions they do in educational institutions. It would therefore be wrong to generalise all the subjects within this field because they all have their various reasons and understandings for pursuing the positions they hold

Power

Feminism post structuralism gives a new reflection to the way power is perceived by society. According to the adherents of this theory, power should not just be a mechanism for repressing others; instead, it can be viewed as a mode for production. In this regard, adherents to this theory tend to look for ways in which weak points in power relations can be transformed or challenged. (Grosz, 1989)

When one applies the latter assertions in the field of education, it can be seen that some power relations come into play especially in administration. It is inherent in society that women and men are entitled to certain depictions of power. However, there seems to be a disconnect owing to the fact that females are not on an equal footing. It is therefore plausible to argue that there is a power gap in this social relation; post structuralism feminism demands that this gap must be challenged

Barriers faced by women climbing managerial ladders in education

In educational institutions today, there are more women than men doing undergraduate courses. Consequently, many have assumed that these women will proceed to obtain post graduate degrees and eventually climb up the ladder to become administrators. However, this has not been the case and many experts have given their opinions about why this could be happening. It is indeed alarming that the actual number of women in professoriate positions are just a handful. The percentages representing this number actually refer to all the lecturers and instructors. If most of the women in academic institutions are taking up only the lecturer’s positions, then it gives them very little room to grow thus implying that women are actually under represented in educational institutions. (Hollingsworth, 1994)

Some people have asserted that the reasons for these declining numbers of women within education can be attributed to sexual discrimination. But as research would have it, there is no uniform pattern of sexual discrimination in learning institutions. Some institutions do hire men over women regardless of the credentials of either gender. On the other hand, other institutions have asserted that they give women precedence in recruitment over men so as to bridge the gender gap in education. Both sides of the coin have well founded evidence in research within the UK. Many experts have found that the country has mixed reactions when it comes to female recruitment. Post structuralism feminism theory can be applied to explain these divisions in opinion. Owing to the issue of subjectivity, different individuals have their own understandings of practices depending on their very nature. Consequently, this could be the reason why some institutions tend to discriminate sexually while others do the opposite.

Other experts have asserted that the reason why women do not hold managerial positions in educational institutions is due to their biological nature. This means that women are inclined to reject jobs in academics owing to the fact they have a stronger inclination to raising children and bringing up families. Here, the blame is on women themselves; they are the ones who choose to get away from the field of education itself. This notion has no sustainable evidence to support it because there are certain women who have no children but are still disinterested in managerial positions. Besides that, there are also certain women who have children and still climb up the social ladder. (Britzman, 2003)

Other proponents argue that there are systemic barriers in education that prevent women from pursuing those career positions. These barriers are accounted by the fact that most women tend to self-select themselves away from these jobs given the obstacles that the system already has in place. Evidence shows that the numbers of women in under graduate levels are quite high, but as one continues to post graduate and even PhD levels, these numbers diminish. Research has shown that the percentage of women with PhDs in UK is much less than the percentage of women applying for academic managerial positions. Since women choose not to apply for managerial positions themselves, then there must be a reason. It was found that a substantial number of women in the country still feel that the rigours of academic managerial posts would be too demanding for them. Most of them have a hard time dividing loyalties between themselves and their families. Women still consider themselves as primary caregivers within the family and this is a demanding task

The other reasons that could be causing this disparity is the fact that women score less in self esteem meta analysis tests. Research conducted in UK academic institutions found that women’s self perception or their self esteem was lower than their male counterparts. Post structuralism feminism can be applied to explain the latter revelations. These figures could be as a result of the power concepts. Most individuals ascertain that they may not be ready to take up managerial positions because their social relations have indicated that there is a divide between the genders. Consequently, these women tend not to believe in themselves when asked about such positions.

Other adherents believe that women have minimal access to managerial positions because most of them may dislike the fact that it will invoke a lot of mobility. The issue of geography is very important to women. But in academics, one is required to move to another institutions or country to get a masters degrees. When they decide to get a doctoral degree, they are again required to move to another location. This issue is particularly troubling to women as most of them do not like moving from one place to another. This can be explained through the post structuralism feminism lens. In this regard, many women are expressing their subjectivity due to the experiences they have undergone in the past. In this regard, many subjects have been confronted with the negative elements that come with frequent mobility. As a result, so many of them embraced those experiences and made it part of their being. This is why they tend to disfavour these managerial positions. (Davies, 1994)

Another reason that could explain these minimal numbers of female students in academic positions is the issue of marriage. A survey conducted in the country found that women with post graduate degrees wanted spouses with similar academic qualifications. It is likely that the concern about finding marriage partners could be discouraging some women. This depicts power struggles according to post structuralism feminism.

Conclusion

There are external and internal factors that could be causing a gap between men and women in educational positions. The external factors are family concerns and sexual discrimination attitudes in some institutions. However, internal factors could also have caused this disparity and they include low self-esteem, mobility concerns and family balance. (Lather, 1991)

Reference:

Britzman, D. (2003): A critical study of learning to teach; State University of New York Press

Davies, B. (1994): Poststructuralist theory and classroom practice; Deakin UniversityPress

Grosz, E. (1989): Three French feminists: Sexual subversions; Allen & Unwin

Hollingsworth, S. (1994): Lessons and Conversations in a Feminist Key; Teachers College Press.

Lather, P. (1991): Feminist research in education: against/within; Deakin University Press

One of the fastest growing jobs around the world is the healthcare industry, doctors and nurses are in demand and it seems no matter how many people become qualified there are just never enough people to fill the number of vacancies. That makes the healthcare industry a good career move for anyone interested in a job that offers excitement and a challenge.

The demand for nurses is at an all time high at present and the reasons behind this are down to an ageing population, the elderly population is much larger than, say, 15 years ago as the baby boomer generation start to reach retirement age and advances in medical procedures means that people are living for longer. Older people equal more medical care and so more nurses are needed to provide the care for them.

Nurses are required in all kinds of establishments from long term care centers, clinics, doctor’s offices, schools, the military, surgery centers and more. There is demand in every sector but licensed practicing nurses and registered nurses are more urgently needed than any other type of nurse. Nursing is a rewarding profession and with recent increases in salaries more and more people are deciding to become nurses, it enables you to help others whilst earning a good salary and is the ideal choice for those who love to work with people and are compassionate and caring.

Nurses are particularly valued as their expertise and skills are critical in every country. If you have just acquired your nursing degree or are looking for an adventure then consider moving to another country to further your career as the money and opportunities are high. Wherever you choose to work, in your local area, the nearest town or city, or in a foreign country, there are plenty of opportunities you just need to know where to look.

There are thousands of nurses every year opt to work abroad due to the high standard of living that can be expected and range of opportunities. Take a quick look online and you’ll see the many recruitment agencies desperate to find good nurses with the right qualifications for high paying jobs. Choose where you work in the world, from Asia, Australia or the Arab countries depending on how much you want to earn and the kind of life you are interested in experiencing. The highest demand currently is for nurses in the Middle East in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Bahrain.

These days nurses can expect added benefits along with their salary, such as housing allowances, travel vouchers, long holidays and free schooling for their children. Nursing careers are just as popular with males as they are with females due to the fact that wages are now much better than a few years ago, and the opportunity to travel the world and experience new cultures whilst living the good life.

A nurse can specialise in a varied number of fields, from a nursing auxillary, anesthesia or floor nurse, to a critical care, ER or staff nurse jobs. If you do want to work abroad then it’s necessary to get the right documentation for the country you are hoping to work in, if you register with a nursing agency then they will do all the paperwork for you, including obtaining a work visa.

You can find all the latest nursing and healthcare jobs online, along with up-to-date medical news, directories and discussion forums where all your questions can be answered. You’ll find a large number of employers advertising on agencies websites and you can take your time browsing through the job listings to see what looks appealing and fits your qualifications and experience. With a click of the mouse you can search through hundreds of jobs and target the job you are looking for.

There are recruitment agencies that specialise in the UK or countries abroad. If you are interested in working in another country as a nurse then now is the time to do it, do lots of research, find out as much information on the location as you can before you go, learn a little of the language and culture and good luck on your international career!

Psychology is a field too vast to cover, a discipline too deep to explore and a subject too complex to understand. Since time immemorial, applied psychology has been a discipline for study and a topic for research. It branches out in several directions one of which is forensic psychology. With a rampant rise in the number of crimes nowadays, forensic psychology is a much discussed issue. This dimension of psychology is an integral part of criminology that is of great account in crime-related investigations.

Forensic psychology focuses on application of psychological perspectives in dealing with criminal cases. Investigators take recourse to this facet of psychology to collect evidence against a criminal and determine the accuracy of information before they come to a definite conclusion. People’s interest in applied psychology drives them to opt for forensic psychology as the field of your career.

Interested in pursuing a course on forensic psychology? But, you are not familiar with the course content of such a course. Criminal justice cases, criminal psychology, legal issues and public policies form the content core of a forensic psychology course. It also incorporates lessons on legal language. A master or doctorate degree in applied psychology is the essential qualification that you need to become an expert professional in forensic psychology. Other courses like counseling or clinical psychology sometimes prove to be making of a forensic psychologist.

An online degree course on social, criminal, cognitive, investigation and developmental psychology can be the ground of your career in the field of forensic psychology. Academic qualifications alone are not enough to endow you with the makings of a forensic psychologist. Go through theoretical orientations and attend court cases to enhance your practical knowledge of the field.

The interest in knowing about the human mind leads to the study of psychology. There are many facets of psychology; each is dedicated to a certain type of human behavior. Studying psychology can be both interesting and a rewarding career opportunity.  Students specializing in different types of psychology can work as specialists in the relative field. Some examples-

Psychotherapist:  who helps those people who are suffering from depression and uneasiness. Experimental psychologist: one who helps the society with the knowledge of dealing with some particular situations. Cognitive behavioral psychologist: one who motivates people to think positive and have faith in themselves. Industrial psychologist: one who boosts and rebuilds employee motivation.

Psychology used in different fields is called applied psychology.  It is the understanding and analyzing of traditional psychology applied in different sectors of the society. Applied Psychology course is offered through distance and online learning besides traditional campus-based learning method.  Students can earn associates, B.A, B.Sc, M.A or M.Sc or even doctoral degree in applied psychology through distance learning.

A certificate course in applied psychology comprises of

Human growth and development Behavioral studies Statistics Criminology and Communications

A bachelor’s degree program involves:

Counselling and Coaching Psychology

Human Diversity and Difference

Social, Biological and Developmental Psychology

Memory, Thought and Language

Problem-solving and Reasoning Skills

A master’s degree program encompasses:

The basic principles of psychology Perception and ergonomics Research methodology Psychological disorders Core psychology along with specialization

Online learning can take lesser time than the traditional mode and can offer as valuable a degree as the traditional one.  Learning via the internet or correspondence also allows them a considerable percentage of flexibility.  The teaching method also builds their interpersonal skills.

Now let’s take a look at different types of applied psychology offered in distance learning mode:

Consumer psychology: it incorporates strategic marketing and business forecasting skills. This course enables students to research and analyze the current market scenario and make forecasts on the basis of that. Students who specialize in this can work in the field of marketing.

· Clinical Neuropsychology: this course includes the psychometric foundations of the different diagnosis that have been a result of the medical representation of human brain dysfunctions. In simpler words, how the brain dysfunction can affect a person’s emotions and behaviors is what is focused on.

Social psychology: embraces research methodology to bring out interpersonal interactions can influence individual and group behavior.

When it comes to penis enlargement, a careful customer is faced with a dearth of professional studies and official endorsements from doctors or other health care experts. This is one of the things that make men think penis enlargement is, at best, a risky proposition because one can never know for sure if it works or not. Trying to find a penis enlargement solution backed by a clinical study is even harder and, until recently, it was also unheard of. The fact that such a study has been launched is a strong hint that the penis enlargement market is at last becoming main stream.

The problem with clinical studies and professional endorsements lies in the current state of the penis enlargement market, which is dominated by relatively small companies interested in making money off a niche that’s failed to catch the eye of Big Pharma. Such companies are content to come up with a product that’s more or less effective and sell it by trying hard to avoid any talk of clinically-proved effects and focusing instead on real or false testimonials from satisfied customers. The line between success and failure is rather thin and many times success proves to be nothing more than fluke.

Since we’re talking about small companies that don’t make piles of money at this trade, it’s pretty clear that they are not going to spend money on a clinical study. Such studies are far more expensive than the average provider of penis enlargement solution could afford to pay and spending a large amount of money on a study that may end up disproving the effectiveness of a product is not exactly a sound business decision. The only thing worse in not having your products backed by a clinical study is the failure of the study spreading around and scaring off customers.

Nevertheless, there are exceptions to this general situation because there is a company that has faith in its product and is willing to spend the money to have it proved once and for all that penis enlargement works. The rest of the market will ride the coattails of this success and it’s very likely that penis enlargement will finally become main stream because people can see an official proof of effectiveness. The PenisHealth™ program of penis enlargement exercises is at this moment being clinically tested in the UK and it’s on its way to become the only clinically proven penis enlargement solution on the market.

The PenisHealth™ program is already backed by a medical doctor and a doctor of clinical psychology who were impressed with the completely natural approach to penis enlargement offered by the program of exercises. Nevertheless, the company behind this program has sought the ultimate accolade that can be received at this time by a penis enlargement program: the official seal of recognition that only an independent and properly conducted clinical study can bestow on a product.

I need list of universities that offer on line doctorate or masters degree program in molecular/cellular scieces and public health in the Uk or USA.Whoever has should Kindly send me the links.
Thanks

Dont they realise the diffence from doing a PhD and the further study you have to do to become a professor??
In the UK we only call someone a professor is they have done the extra study that declares them to be one. Everyone else is a ‘doctor’. Think its a bit generalised calling all staff professors when some of them dont actually have that title.